Definition and Examples of Morphemes in English

Definition and Examples of Morphemes in English In English grammar and morphology, a  morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word such as dog, or a word element, such as the -s at the end of dogs, that cant be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Morphemes are the  smallest units of meaning in a language. They are  commonly classified as either free morphemes, which can occur as separate words or  bound morphemes, which cant stand alone as words. Many words in English are made up of a single free morpheme. For example, each word in the following sentence is a distinct morpheme: I need to go now, but you can stay. Put another way, none of the nine words in that sentence can be divided into smaller parts that are also meaningful. Etymology From the French, by analogy with phoneme, from the Greek, shape, form. Examples and Observations A prefix may be a morpheme:What does it mean to pre-board? Do you get on before you get on?- George CarlinIndividual words may be morphemes:They want to put you in a box, but nobodys in a box. Youre not in a box.- John TurturroContracted word forms may be morphemes:They want to put you in a box, but nobodys in a box. Youre not in a box.- John TurturroMorphs and AllomorphsA word can be analyzed as consisting of one morpheme (sad) or two or more morphemes (unluckily; compare luck, lucky, unlucky), each morpheme usually expressing a distinct meaning. When a morpheme is represented by a segment, that segment is a morph. If a morpheme can be represented by more than one morph, the morphs are allomorphs of the same morpheme: the prefixes in- (insane), il- (illegible), im- (impossible), ir- (irregular) are allomorphs of the same negative morpheme.- Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996Morphemes as Meaningful Sequences of SoundsA word cannot be divided i nto morphemes just by sounding out its syllables. Some morphemes, like apple, have more than one syllable; others, like -s, are less than a syllable.  A morpheme is  a form (a sequence of sounds) with a recognizable meaning. Knowing a words early history, or etymology, may be useful in dividing it into morphemes, but the decisive factor is the form-meaning link.A morpheme may, however,  have more than one pronunciation or spelling.  For example, the regular noun plural  ending has two spellings (-s and -es) and three pronunciations (an s-sound as in backs, a z-sound as in bags, and a vowel plus z-sound as in batches).  Similarly, when the morpheme  -ate is followed by -ion (as in activate-ion), the t of -ate combines with the i of -ion as the sound sh (so we might spell the word activashun). Such allomorphic variation is typical of the morphemes of English, even though the spelling does not represent it.- John Algeo,  The Origins and Development of the English Langua ge, 6th ed.  Wadsworth, 2010 Grammatical TagsIn addition to serving as resources in the creation of vocabulary, morphemes supply grammatical tags to words, helping us to identify on the basis of form the parts of speech of words in sentences we hear or read. For example, in the sentence Morphemes supply grammatical tags to words, the plural morpheme ending {-s} helps identify morphemes, tags, and words as nouns; the {-ical} ending underscores the adjectival relationship between grammatical and the following noun, tags, which it modifies.- Thomas P. Klammer et al. Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson, 2007Language AcquisitionEnglish-speaking children usually begin to produce two-morpheme words in their third year, and during that year the growth in their use of affixes is rapid and extremely impressive. This is the time, as Roger Brown showed, when children begin to use suffixes for possessive words (Adams ball), for the plural (dogs), for present progressive verbs (I walking), for third-person singular present ten se verbs (he walks), and for past tense verbs, although not always with complete corectness (I brunged it here) (Brown 1973). Notice that these new morphemes are all of them inflections. Children tend to learn derivational morphemes a little later and to continue to learn about them right through childhood . . ..- Peter Bryant and Terezinha Nunes, Morphemes and Literacy: A Starting Point. Improving Literacy by Teaching Morphemes, ed. by T. Nunes and P. Bryant. Routledge, 2006 Pronunciation: MOR-feem

How Insects Fly

How Insects Fly Insect flight remained something of a mystery to scientists until recently. The small size of insects, coupled with their high wing-beat frequency, made it nearly impossible for scientists to observe the mechanics of flight. The invention of high-speed film allowed scientists to record insects in flight, and watch their movements at super slow speeds. Such technology captures the action in millisecond snapshots, with film speeds of up to 22,000 frames per second. So what have we learned about how insects fly, thanks to this new technology? We now know that insect flight involves one of two possible modes of action: a direct flight mechanism, or an indirect flight mechanism. Insect Flight Through a Direct Flight Mechanism Some insects achieve flight through a direct action of a muscle on each wing. One set of flight muscles attaches just inside the base of the wing, and the other set attaches slightly outside the wing base. When the first set of flight muscles contracts, the wing moves upward. The second set of flight muscles produces the downward stroke of the wing. The two sets of flight muscles work in tandem, alternating contractions to move the wings up and down, up and down. Generally, the more primitive insects like dragonflies and roaches use this direct action to fly. Insect Flight Through an Indirect Flight Mechanism In the majority of insects, flying is a bit more complex. Instead of moving the wings directly, the flight muscles distort the shape of the thorax, which, in turn, causes the wings to move. When muscles attached to the dorsal surface of the thorax contract, they pull down on the tergum. As the tergum moves, it draws the wing bases down, and the wings, in turn, lift up. Another set of muscles, which runs horizontally from the front to the back of the thorax, then contract. The thorax again changes shape, the tergum rises, and the wings are drawn down. This flight method requires less energy than the direct action mechanism, as the elasticity of the thorax returns it to its natural shape when the muscles relax. Insect Wing Movement In most insects, the forewings and hindwings work in tandem. During flight, the front and rear wings remain locked together, and both move up and down at the same time. In some insect orders, most notably the Odonata, the wings move independently during flight. As the forewing lifts, the hindwing lowers. Insect flight requires more than a simple up and down motion of the wings. The wings also move forward and back, and rotate so the leading or trailing edge of the wing is pitched up or down. These complex movements help the insect achieve lift, reduce drag, and perform acrobatic maneuvers.

The Number of Pardons Granted by Obama

The Number of Pardons Granted by Obama President Barack Obama granted 70 pardons during his two terms in office, according to United States Department of Justice records.   Obama, like other presidents before him, issued pardons to convicts who the White House said  had demonstrated genuine remorse and a strong commitment to being law-abiding, productive citizens and active members of their communities. Many of the  pardons granted by Obama were to drug offenders in what was seen as an attempt by the president to lessen what he perceived to be overly severe sentences in those types of  cases. Obama Focus on Drug Sentences Obama has pardoned more than a dozen drug offenders convicted of using or distributing cocaine. He described the moves as an attempt to rectify disparities in the justice system that  sent more African-American offenders to prison  for crack-cocaine convictions. Obama described as unfair the system that more harshly penalized crack-cocaine offenses compared to powder-cocaine distribution and use.   In using his power to pardon these offenders, Obama called on lawmakers to ensure  taxpayer dollars are spent wisely, and that our justice system keeps its basic promise of equal treatment for all. Comparison of Obama Pardons to Other Presidents Obama issued 212 pardons during his two terms. He had denied 1,629 petitions for pardons. The number of pardons issued by Obama was  far fewer than the number granted by Presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George H.W. Bush, Ronald Reagan and  Jimmy Carter. In fact, Obama used his power to pardon relatively rarely in comparison with every other modern president. Criticism Over Obamas Lack  of Pardons Obama has come under fire for his use, or lack of use, of the pardon, particularly in drug cases.   Anthony Papa of the Drug Policy Alliance, author of 15 to Life: How I Painted My Way to Freedom, criticized Obama and pointed out that the president had exercised his authority to issue pardons for Thanksgiving turkeys almost as much as he had for convicts. I support and applaud President Obama’s treatment of turkeys, Papa wrote in November 2013.  But I have to ask the President: what about the treatment of the more than 100,000 thousand people who are incarcerated in the federal system because of the war on drugs?  Surely some of these non-violent drug offenders deserve treatment equal to a turkey pardon.

Reply to professor comments regarding # 1110606 Assignment

Reply to professor comments regarding # 1110606 - Assignment Example Intrinsically, the support pattern is upheld for a long period of time, maybe, till another person takes over the presidency. The power to declare war makes the presidency too powerful. Despite the constitution giving the Congress the exclusive power to declare war, in the contemporary presidency, the presidency can declare war without any formal Congress declaration. The U.S. is rich in missiles that have nuclear warheads. It’s only the president who is bestowed with the power to launch them by giving a signal, something that can lead to instant destruction of the cities in their entirety (Lowi 2012, p. 195). Surprisingly, the people who wrote and promulgated the presidency had the right intention of striking a balance of power between the presidency and the Congress; however, the modern presidency has evolved to claim too much power as compared to the Congress. The writers of the constitution would not predict that the U.S. world transform to be the worlds richest nation in terms of weapons. This has prompted amendments to the constitution from time to time, giving the presidents superfluous power s. The strength of the U.S.’s economy heightens the presidency’s powers. Presumably, the U.S. is among the top economies in the world. As such, the presidency of America is respected all over the world (Lowi 2012, p. 177). The president uses jets to tour the world and the advice he gives to other nations is taken with much seriousness than any other executive. Also, many dignitaries visit the White House from time to time to come and consult with the presidency on various issues. Contrary to the Congress, the presidency has evolved to be such a respected position, both locally and in the international

Research- Please add and correct attachment with referencing. Fill the Research Paper

- Please add and correct attachment with referencing. Fill the gaps left and amend as required. re- word if required - Research Paper Example In the terms of ontology the notion of interconnection describes the dependency of the objects of the system in the real world, but the terms are correspondingly the descriptors of the real objects (Dresser, 1998 ). The samples for the study will be drawn from one acute hospital and one intermediate care setting. The patients will need to share their experiential information regarding their hospital and intermediate care stay. The sample size will be 5 from 8 form each setting, selection will be done through purposive sampling. The diagnosis of dementia will be excluded due to consent issues. The method of survey via interview will chosen as the method. The interview will address many facets of the process. It will be used for gathering information about the persons’ knowledge, values and preferences and attitudes that will enable the researcher to test the hypothesis. Semi structured interviews, which include non standardised open and closed questions will be used by the researcher. The interview will be pre-planned and conducted face to face . By this technique they will try to elicit a more detailed response from the subject. The researcher will administer the interviews guided by the questions, which will reflect the objectives of the study. There will be a fellow therapist present to scribe and recode the interview via a tape recorder to ensure all responses are recorded and interpretered correctly The demographic information will be ascertained from patient/SU records prior to the interview. Written permission to conduct the study will be gained from The hospital and the respective intermediate care setting. Forecasting the moral issues, which occur on all the stages of the research , the researcher can make choice at the stage of the research planning and pay attention to critical issues, which can occur during the interrogation. Ethical code and theories seldom provide the definite answers to the questions concerning

How oil exploitation in Alberta affect local enviorment Essay

How oil exploitation in Alberta affect local enviorment - Essay Example Despite the benefits associated with the exploitation, the process has numerously adverse effects on the environment. To begin with, oil sand exploitation in the area affects the availability of water in the area. The whole process requires large volumes of water for the separation of sand and oil. Therefore, the whole process of extraction brings about a deficiency in water content in Alberta (Alvarez, 2013). The process of exploitation of oil in Alberta is associated with the introduction of harmful gases, as well as metals into the earth’s surface and atmosphere. Naturally occurring carbon dioxide and other harmful emission are exposed to the atmosphere during the exploitation. In addition, the exploitation process leads to the concentration of heavy metals such as nickel, mercury, copper and zinc, among many others in the area (Dusseault, 2002). Admittedly, the exploitation process is associated with deforestation. Normally, trees in the area are cleared before exploitation starts. In addition, the overburden top soil is removed from the area of exploitation so as to increase the accessibility of the oil sand. This whole process has a general effect of soil erosion in the area. The exploitation of oil in Alberta also affects aquatic life. Research revealed that there exist a relationship between deformity of fish embryos and their exposure to oil sands. Therefore, as much as the exploitation process takes root, the aquatic life in the area is exposed to the oil sands, thus affected (Dusseault, 2002). A research done in 2007 showed that wildlife and human beings had generally been affected by the exposure to the oil sands. For example, research done on moose revealed that the organisms had as much as 454 times the acceptable levels of arsenic in their body systems due to the exploitation process. Moreover, there have been great concerns about

Written Assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Written #2 - Assignment Example Smith did not place a limit to the types of genre of music she played. The genre she used were rock, proto punk, punk rock, art punk and blues rock to compose different songs and relay messages to her targeted audiences. Smith played a number of instruments and this were the vocals, guitars and clarinets. Through her interviews, Smith discussed how her female indemnity affected her career and this is present in her memoir â€Å"Just Kids†. Being a female, she admits to seeing herself as a woman only in context rather than an individual as she was sharing her life with a male partner. She points out she fell when her partner ventured into a new relationship with a different party giving her the need to evaluate herself and accomplishments as a person and not in the shadows of her partner. Smith admits that her freedom came when she decided to become independent as she embraced a positive attitude towards her music career. Moreover, she admits that being a female, she experienced difficulty in convincing other musicians to join her band as the society back then looked down on women (Tarr